Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small (~22 nucleotides), widely distributed, and highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules and play an important post-transcriptional regulatory role by targeting mRNA. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSC, respectively) hold great promise for vascular regenerative therapies. However, several limitations currently prohibit their therapeutic use. The importance of miRs in controlling the gene expression profile of a particular cell type is emerging and a multitude of miRs have been identified that play key roles in vascular development and regeneration. A combination of pluripotency transcription factors and different miRs not only enhances the pluripotency of stem cells but also has been reported to enhance their endothelial differentiation. This review will summarize the findings that focus different miR clusters in the induction, maintenance, and directed endothelial differentiation of ESCs and iPSCs.
Highlights
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the innermost lining of the blood vessels and play an active role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and homeostasis through the synthesis and release of numerous vasoactive molecules [1]
This review gives a brief over view of various micro RNA MSCs (miR) involved in vasculogenesis with potential capacity to induce EC differentiation and their potential to be used in regenerative vascular medicine
MiRs belong to class of small (~22 nucleotide; nt), noncoding RNAs controlling gene expression at transcriptional level [8]. miRs are first transcribed as primary miRs by RNA polymerase II either from miR genes or intronic sequences of protein coding genes which are processed into ~70 nt precursors and to mature miRs by sequential action of two RNase III proteins, Drosha and Dicer, respectively [9] [10]
Summary
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the innermost lining of the blood vessels and play an active role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and homeostasis through the synthesis and release of numerous vasoactive molecules [1]. Numerous methods and factors have been described to programme pluripotent cells to ECs but with limited efficiency [6]. Among these factors, micro RNAs (miRs) which are involved in regulation of at least 30% of the mammalian genes [7], are relatively new players in the field. This review gives a brief over view of various miRs involved in vasculogenesis with potential capacity to induce EC differentiation and their potential to be used in regenerative vascular medicine
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