Abstract
The clinical use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as diagnostic tools for example for tumor classification or as prognostic markers is becoming increasingly established. In addition, recent studies demonstrated that miRNAs could be used as new therapeutic approach in anticancer treatment including the highly interesting aspect that is regulated by miRNAs: resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. This chapter aims to elucidate the impact of miRNAs on drug resistance from a clinical point of view, and to highlight their potential role as predictors or modifiers of resistance towards chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. Therefore, we selected exemplary two different tumor types that present either high or low resistance to chemotherapeutic treatment: esophageal cancer (highly therapy resistant tumor) and ovarian cancer (quite therapy sensitive tumor).
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