Abstract
The regulatory functions of microRNA (miRNA) are involved in all processes contributing to carcinogenesis and response to viral infections. Cervical cancer in most cases is caused by the persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. While oncogenic human papillomaviruses induce aberrant expression of many cellular miRNAs, this dysregulation could be harnessed as a marker in early diagnosis of HR-HPV infection, cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions, and cancer. In recent years, growing data indicate that miRNAs show specific patterns at various stages of cervical pathology. The aim of this review is to systematize current reports on miRNA capacity that can be utilized in personalized diagnostics of cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions. The analysis of the resources available in online databases (National Center for Biotechnology Information—NCBI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus) was performed. To date, no standardized diagnostic algorithm using the miRNA pattern in cervical pathology has been defined. However, the high sensitivity and specificity of the reported assays gives hope for the development of non-invasive diagnostic tests that take into account the heterogeneity of tumor-related changes. Due to this variability resulting in difficult to predict clinical outcomes, precise molecular tools are needed to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic process.
Highlights
Cancer is a group of diseases that in the age of molecular biology development is regarded as the genome disease at the cellular level
Differential expressed genes (DEGs) identified in patients may turn out the potential targets for immunotherapy, which is an important alternative to available treatment methods
MiRNAs are regulated by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-Human papillomavirus (HPV)) oncogenes, in particular E6/E7, through acting on p53 and pRB level
Summary
Cancer is a group of diseases that in the age of molecular biology development is regarded as the genome disease at the cellular level It arises from one cell containing an initial set of mutations, and the accumulation of mutations over time with genome instability is common. It turned out that nonprotein-coding regions of the genome exhibit crucial regulatory functions involved in the cell and tissue homeostasis They are transcribed into the non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) from exon, intron, or intergenic sequences and play a key role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression [20]. This review is focused on the current state of knowledge about the diversity of potential applications of human miRNA patterns in modern diagnostics at various stages of cervical lesions related to HPV infection and its progression to cancer
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