Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are seriously threatening to human life and health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their role in preventing CVDs. It is beneficial to population health to promote the content of PUFAs in bovine milk. In recent years, limited research based on molecular mechanisms has focused on this field. The biological roles of numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) remain unknown. In this study, a promising and negatively correlated pair of the miRNA (miRNA-193a-5p) and a fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene are identified and screened to explore whether they are potential factors of PUFAs’ synthesis in bovine milk. The targeted relationship between miRNA-193a-5p and FADS1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) is demonstrated by dual luciferase reporter assays. qRT-PCR and western blot assays indicate that both the expression of mRNA and the protein FADS1 show a negative correlation with miRNA-193a-5p expression in BMECs. Also, miR-193a-5p expression is positively correlated with the expression of genes associated with milk fatty acid metabolism, including ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). The expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is negatively correlated with miR-193a-5p expression in BMECs. The contents of triglycerides (TAG), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have a significant positive correlation with the expression of FADS1 and a significant negative correlation with the expression of miR-193a-5p in BMECs. For the first time, this study confirms that miRNA-193a-5p regulates PUFAs metabolism in BMECs by targeting FADS1, indicating that miRNA-193a-5p and FADS1 are underlying factors that improve PUFAs content in bovine milk.
Highlights
Milk fat rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) has been proposed as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [3,4], accumulating evidence shows the concern is unnecessary, whether it is for people who consume low-fat milk or high-fat milk [5,6]
Our study provides a reference for molecular breeding to increase the proportion of Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in milk
Libraries werewere established and sequenced to identify miRNAs/mRNAs based on mammary the mammary glands of dairy earlymidand midmiRNAs/mRNAs based on the glands of dairy cows cows duringduring early and lactation
Summary
Fats are some of the major nutrients in bovine milk and are mainly triglycerides (TG) containing saturated fatty acids (SFAs), unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and several minor compounds [1,2]. Milk fat rich in SFAs has been proposed as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [3,4], accumulating evidence shows the concern is unnecessary, whether it is for people who consume low-fat milk or high-fat milk [5,6]. A total of 17 fatty acids found in bovine milk, such as trans-palmitoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (LA), may prevent excessive obesity [7]. Duda et al [8] found that dietary supplementation with n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) attenuated pressure
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