Abstract
Numerous studies on perennial crops have shown that almond has a low tolerance to climate change, which led to detailed study for its adaptation by focusing on selecting heat-tolerant almond varieties. The long period of perennial agriculture creates particular challenges in a changing climate. The risk complicates the choice of a variety that the best variety for the current climate may be poorly suited for future climates. Hence the interest of having a large variability of tolerant genotypes. In the eastern Mediterranean region of Morocco, seedling almond trees are largely grown, which created an important gene pool, both for breeding programs and the selection of superior genotypes adapted to difficult pedo-climatic conditions. For the conservation of crop biodiversity in these almond groves, micropropagation is considered a feasible technique for producing and regenerating superior planting materials. Zygotic embryos of several local ecotypes of the almond native population known as ''Beldi'' were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of auxins and cytokinins. The results showed multiple shoot initiation from zygotic embryos on MS medium containing 1mg/L of 6-Benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) combined with 0.5 mg/L of Indole butyric acid (IBA). A high rooting rate was obtained on a half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1mg/L of IBA.
Highlights
In Morocco, the almond trees are grown in several regions from North to South, under different environmental conditions, mainly in rain-fed areas with poor soils that receive little attention from farmers
The zygotic embryos were isolated from the mature seeds before being inoculated into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium [11] supplemented with 1mg/L of 6-Benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) or Kinetine (KIN) associated or not with 0.5mg/L Indole butyric acid (IBA) (Fig. 1b, c)
Several zygotic embryos (B1, B2, B3, and B4) isolated in vitro conditions were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP or KIN either alone or in combination with IBA or NAA
Summary
In Morocco, the almond trees are grown in several regions from North to South, under different environmental conditions, mainly in rain-fed areas with poor soils that receive little attention from farmers. The resulting variability of environment and climate has evolved into a wide variety of almond genotypes in each production region, as about 50% of the almond trees grown in Morocco are derived from seedlings [1]. Traditional almond cultivation used open-pollinated seedlings [2], which, with self-incompatibility, produced very high heterozygosity in this species [3]. This significant variability has provided a functional genetic pool for the evolution of almonds, allowing each growing region to select almond cultivars well adapted to the region [4]. Studies on the in vitro multiplication of these almonds have, until now, never been done before
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