Abstract
A protocol for C. japonica micropropagation with a confirmation of genome size stability of the in vitro-propagated plantlets was developed. The highest number of shoots multiplied in vitro was obtained on Murashige & Skoog medium (MS) with 1.0 mg L−1 N6-benzyladenine plus 1.0 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid. The highest number of roots was observed for the shoots on MS with 15 g L−1 sucrose plus 1.0 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid. The acclimatization rate was significantly high. The qualitative HPLC analyses confirmed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the extracts. The extracts from both shoot cultures and the leaves from field-grown plants revealed antioxidant activity and they exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity. The conducted research confirmed the regeneration potential of genetically-stable plants of C. japonica under in vitro conditions, the ability of the plantlets to produce polyphenols as those present in field-grown plants, as well as their antioxidant potential.
Highlights
IntroductionChaenomeles japonica is a species that belongs to the genus of Chaenomeles Lindl. (the Maloideae subfamily, the Rosaceae family); the Chaenomeles comprises five species [1,2]
Chaenomeles japonica is a species that belongs to the genus of Chaenomeles Lindl.; the Chaenomeles comprises five species [1,2]
The aim of the work was to develop a reproducible protocol for C. japonica clonal propagation through axillary branching with the confirmation of (i) genome size stability of in vitro-propagated plantlets, (ii) maintenance of their ability to produce selected polyphenols under in vitro conditions, (iii) antioxidant activity, and (iv) antimicrobial activity
Summary
Chaenomeles japonica is a species that belongs to the genus of Chaenomeles Lindl. (the Maloideae subfamily, the Rosaceae family); the Chaenomeles comprises five species [1,2]. Chaenomeles japonica is a species that belongs to the genus of Chaenomeles Lindl. (the Maloideae subfamily, the Rosaceae family); the Chaenomeles comprises five species [1,2]. C. japonica, which is a dwarf shrub growing up to 1.2 m, is present in Japan and it usually overgrows hillsides, riverbanks, and lakeshores [1]. In Europe, the plant was introduced in 1869 and domesticated in the northern countries as a fruit crop [3]. The content of vitamin C, organic acids, phenolics, fiber, pectin, and sugars in the fruits indicates their use in the food industry [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. The fruits of the genus Chaenomeles (Mugua) have been used in Molecules 2019, 24, 1314; doi:10.3390/molecules24071314 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Chinese medicine for arthritis, hepatitis, asthma, diarrhea, and for a common cold [11,12], while the fruits of C. japonica have been used as an astringent and in stomach diseases [13].
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