Microplastics in the Center of Mediterranean: Comparison of the Two Calabrian Coasts and Distribution from Coastal Areas to the Open Sea.

Alessandro Marrone,Daniele La Russa,Mauro F La Russa,Luciana Randazzo,Daniela Pellegrino,Emilio Cellini

doi:10.3390/ijerph182010712

Alessandro Marrone, Daniele La Russa + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010712

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Abstract

Plastic is everywhere—increasing evidence suggests that plastic pollution is ubiquitous and persistent in ecosystems worldwide. Microplastic pollution in marine environments is particularly insidious, as small fragmentation can increase interaction with biota and food chain access. Of particular concern is the Mediterranean Sea, which has become a large area of accumulation of plastic debris, including microplastics, whose polymeric composition is still largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the polymeric composition, particle size distribution, shape, and color of small plastic particles (ranging from 50 to 5000 µm) collected from the sea surface in six stations at the center of the Mediterranean Sea. We also described, for the first time, the different distribution of microplastics from coastal areas up to 12 nautical miles offshore. The microplastic density was 0.13 ± 0.19 particles/m2, with a marked prevalence of smaller particles (73% < 3 mm) and a peak between 1 and 2 mm (34.74%). Microplastics composition analysis showed that the most abundant material was polyethylene (69%), followed by polypropylene (24%). Moreover, we reported a comparison of the two Calabrian coasts providing the first characterization of a great difference in microplastic concentration between the Tyrrhenian and Ionian sides (87% vs. 13%, respectively), probably due to the complex marine and atmospheric circulation, which make the Tyrrhenian side an area of accumulation of materials originating even from faraway places. We demonstrate, for the first time, a great difference in microplastic concentration between Tyrrhenian and Ionian Calabrian coasts, providing a full characterization and highlighting that microplastic pollution is affected by both local release and hydrography of the areas.

Highlights

Plastic fragmentation leads to the formation of small plastic particles called microplastics (MPs)
Our research confirms that the Mediterranean Sea, similar to most of the seas in the world, is heavily contaminated with MPs
This study reported MP distribution and characterization in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, comparing the two Calabrian coasts

Summary

Introduction

Plastic pollution represents one of the main global environmental concerns of the 21st century due to its transboundary distribution and persistence in ecosystems. It is estimated that more than 5 trillion plastic pieces, weighing over 250,000 tons, have accumulated at sea [1]. All areas of the world are vulnerable to plastic pollution, as the degradation of plastics in seawater is very slow, and during this period, both long-distance transport and continuous degradation occur. The environmental conditions in the seas and oceans (water salinity, solar radiation, mechanical degradation) reduce the plastic debris into ever smaller fragments, promoting interactions with the biota [2,3,4,5]. Plastic fragmentation leads to the formation of small plastic particles called microplastics (MPs)

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