Abstract
Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern; they are ingested by marine biota. About a quarter of global marine fish landings is used to produce fishmeal for animal and aquaculture feed. To provide a knowledge foundation for this matrix we reviewed the existing literature for studies of microplastics in fishmeal-relevant species. 55% of studies were deemed unsuitable due to focus on large microplastics (> 1 mm), lack of, or limited contamination control and polymer testing techniques. Overall, fishmeal-relevant species exhibit 0.72 microplastics/individual, with studies generally only assessing digestive organs. We validated a density separation method for effectiveness of microplastic extraction from this medium and assessed two commercial products for microplastics. Recovery rates of a range of dosed microplastics from whitefish fishmeal samples were 71.3 ± 1.2%. Commercial samples contained 123.9 ± 16.5 microplastics per kg of fishmeal—mainly polyethylene—including 52.0 ± 14.0 microfibres—mainly rayon. Concentrations in processed fishmeal seem higher than in captured fish, suggesting potential augmentation during the production process. Based on conservative estimates, over 300 million microplastic particles (mostly < 1 mm) could be released annually to the oceans through marine aquaculture alone. Fishmeal is both a source of microplastics to the environment, and directly exposes organisms for human consumption to these particles.
Highlights
Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern; they are ingested by marine biota
Review of relevant studies: microplastics in fish that are used in fishmeal production
Twenty-nine studies investigating microplastics in fishmeal-relevant fish were included in this review; 34 were excluded after applying criteria outlined in the methods section
Summary
Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern; they are ingested by marine biota. Over 300 million microplastic particles (mostly < 1 mm) could be released annually to the oceans through marine aquaculture alone Fishmeal is both a source of microplastics to the environment, and directly exposes organisms for human consumption to these particles. Contamination controls and aspects of polymer identification are rarely scrutinised[18,19,20,21,22,23,24] Effects on organisms such as fish through ingestion of microplastics and associated chemicals have been studied in controlled laboratory experiments, and include hepatic stress, endocrine disruption, behaviour alterations, but numerous studies did not find any effects through microplastic e xposure[25,26,27,28]. Brevoortia patronus and B. tyrannus Sprattus sprattus Euthynnus affinis Mallotus villosus Cetengraulis mysticetus Trachurus trachurus and T. mediterraneus Sardinops sagax Trisopterus esmarkii
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