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Abstract
A number of microorganism belonging to the genera of yeast, fungi, bacteria and microalgae have ability to accumulate substantial amounts of oil, sometimes up to an even in excess of 70% of their biomass weight under specific cultivation conditions. For nearly 100 years, the commercial opportunities of using microorganisms as sources of oils have been continuously examined. Although it was evident that microbial oils could never compete commercially with the major commodity plant oils, there were commercially opportunities for the production of some of the higher valued oils. Today, with the great progress of metabolic and genetic engineering, the developments are focus on the high value oils containing important polyunsaturated or specific fatty acids. Such oils have the potential to be used in different applications area as food, feed and oleochemistry. This review is covering the related researches about different oleaginous microorganisms for lipids production and microbial oils biosynthesis process. In add, the lipid metabolism, metabolic engineering strategies to increase lipid production and the economics of microbial oils production are introduced.
Highlights
Oleaginous microorganisms are defined as oleaginous species with oil contents excess of 20% of biomass weigh
We have previously shown that Y. lipolytica presents an original glycerol metabolism, dedicated to the synthesis of glycerol-3 phosphate (G3P) – not glycerol with G3P having an important role into lipid accumulation
When the hydrolysate of rice straw or wheat straw obtained from dilute H2SO4 pretreatment was investigated for use as a substrate for the oleaginous yeasts T. fermentans and Aspergillus oryzae, respectively, the lipid accumulation level was reduced in presence of acetic acid, furfural,5-hydroxymethyl furfural and acid soluble lignin (Huang, et al, 2009; Hui, et al, 2010)
Summary
Oleaginous microorganisms are defined as oleaginous species with oil contents excess of 20% of biomass weigh. Called single cell oils, are produced by some oleaginous microorganisms, such yeast, fungi, bacteria and microalgae. Aki (2001) succeeded in producing 7.1 g l−1 ARA using the fungus Mortierella alliacea in a 50-L jar with a 25-L working volume; a medium containing 12% glucose and 3% yeast extract produced 46.1 g l−1 cells with 42.3% lipids in 7 days The production of these polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cells is related to the age of the mycelia. Carbon sources can strongly influence the production and composition of fatty acids in lipids of the fungi due to differences in their metabolism. The cellulolytic fungus, Aspergillus oryzae A-4, yielded a lipid content of 36.6 mg g−1 dry substrate by direct microbial conversion of wheat straw in suspended cultures and 62.87 mg g−1 dry substrate in solid substrate fermentation under optimized conditions (Hui, et al, 2010)
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