Micronutrient (iron, selenium, vitamin D) supplementation and the gut microbiome.

Abstract

Deficiencies in micronutrients persist as widespread global challenges, where supplementation remains a crucial therapeutic approach. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationships between micronutrient supplementation - specifically iron, selenium (Se), and vitamin D (Vit D) - and gut microbiota composition, investigating their collective impact on host health and disease susceptibility. Maintaining balanced iron levels is essential for gut microbiota equilibrium and host health, as both iron deficiency and excess disrupt gut bacterial balance, affecting colon health. Se supplementation can restore and improve the gut microbial balance, influencing health outcomes not only in the gut but also in areas such as neuroprotection in the brain, testicular health, and metabolic syndrome. Clinical and experimental models demonstrate that Vit D modulates the gut microbiome, enhancing anti-inflammatory effects, supporting metabolic health, and potentially reducing the risk of gut-related behavioral changes and diseases. Findings of this review emphasize that balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota composition and underscore the beneficial effects of Se and Vit D in modulating the gut microbiome. The interactions between micronutrients and the gut microbiome are complex but may have a broad spectrum of health outcomes.