Micronuclei in diabetes: Folate supplementation diminishes micronuclei in diabetic patients but not in an animal model

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a high risk of health complications, mainly due to excessive free radical (FRs) production that could result in an increased frequency of micronuclei. The consumption of antioxidants, like folic acid (FA), may mitigate the effects of the FRs. In the present study, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) frequencies were determined in blood sampled weekly from the tails of pregnant female Wistar rats and pregnant Wistar rats with experimental diabetes that were given unsupplemented diets and diets supplemented with FA. At birth, the pups were sampled to analyze micronucleated erythrocyte (MNE) and MNPCE frequencies. Moreover micronucleated cells (MNCs) were evaluated in buccal mucosa samples taken from 81 healthy adult subjects, 48 patients with DM, and 30 DM patients who were sampled before and after FA treatment. Increases in MNPCE frequencies were significant only at the first sampling ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.03) in pregnant rats with experimental diabetes. In addition, the pups from the diabetic group and from diabetic group treated with FA had higher frequencies of MNEs ( P < 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively) and MNPCEs ( P < 0.009 and P < 0.05, respectively) than the controls. No differences were found in diabetic rats and newborn rats born to diabetic mothers treated with FA compared with untreated animals. Patients with DM had a higher frequency of MNCs compared with healthy subjects ( P < 0.001). Also FA reduced the frequency of MNCs in DM patients ( P < 0.001). The results of this study indicate that diabetes results in elevated frequencies of micronuclei, and that, at least in humans, FA can protect against the elevation.