Abstract
The dual extrusion electrospinning technique was used to fabricate multilayered 3D scaffolds by stacking microfibrous meshes of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in alternate fashion to micro/nano mixed fibrous meshes of PLGA and collagen. To fabricate the multilayered scaffold, 35 wt% solution of PLGA in THF-DMF binary solvent (3:1) and 5 wt% solution of collagen in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) with and without hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA) were used. The dual and individual electrospinning of PLGA and collagen were carried out at flow rates of 1.0 and 0.5 mL/h, respectively, at an applied voltage of 20 kV. The density of collagen fibers in multilayered scaffolds has controlled the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The homogeneous dispersion of glutamic acid-modified hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA-GA) in collagen solution has improved the osteogenic properties of fabricated multilayered scaffolds. The fabricated multilayered scaffolds were characterized using FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to evaluate the adhesion and spreads of MC3T3-E1 cells on multilayered scaffolds. The activity of MC3T3-E1 cells on the multilayered scaffolds was evaluated by applying MTT, alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red, von Kossa, and cytoskeleton F-actin assaying protocols. The micro/nano fibrous PLGA-Col-HA scaffolds were found to be highly bioactive in comparison to pristine microfibrous PLGA and micro/nano mixed fibrous PLGA and Col scaffolds.
Highlights
In tissue engineering, the structures and properties of scaffolds play a significant role in controlling the activity of the seeded cells
The coating of collagenhydroxyapatite composite on poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/β-tricalciumphosphate (β-TCP) skeleton has shown a significant improvement in alkaline phosphatase activity, which indicated that collagen-hydroxyapatite composite, has played a significant role in controlling the bioactivity of PLGA/β-TCP-based scaffolds [52]
The fabrication of synthetic biocompatible scaffolds that can mimic the natural extracellular matrices is a useful activity for tissue engineering; an effort has been made to develop 3D scaffolds by stacking the PLGA microfibrous meshes in alternate fashion with nanofibrous meshes of collagen using dual electrospinning technique
Summary
The structures and properties of scaffolds play a significant role in controlling the activity of the seeded cells. The coating of collagenhydroxyapatite composite on PLGA/β-tricalciumphosphate (β-TCP) skeleton has shown a significant improvement in alkaline phosphatase activity, which indicated that collagen-hydroxyapatite composite, has played a significant role in controlling the bioactivity of PLGA/β-TCP-based scaffolds [52] These studies have clearly indicated that the combination of collagen and hydroxyapatite is useful to provide favorable environment to control the biological activity of scaffolds. The fabrication of synthetic biocompatible scaffolds that can mimic the natural extracellular matrices is a useful activity for tissue engineering; an effort has been made to develop 3D scaffolds by stacking the PLGA microfibrous meshes in alternate fashion with nanofibrous meshes of collagen using dual electrospinning technique. Since electrospinning technique is able to prove a significant control on the orientation and fiber diameter [55] in the scaffolds, electrospinning has been used in the fabrication of scaffolds by placing microfibrous
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