Abstract
Abstract In several chapters at the beginning of this book, techniques were described using light for observation of, and making measurements on cells. This chapter will describe techniques, using light not only for observation but also for manipulation. Here the fact that light is a carrier of energy (heat) and a carrier of momentum (force) is exploited. With the heat effect one can perforate plant cells, cut subcellular structures such as cytoplasmic strands or chromosomes, and can fuse plant protoplasts in a controlled manner. With the force effect it is possible to hold or move cells and subcellular structures as if light were a pair of tweezers, which in contrast to conventional tweezers can also work in the interior of closed objects. Books on laser microbeams and optical tweezers (1) or solely on optical tweezers (2) and a number of reviews (for example refs 3-7) are available in the literature.
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