Abstract
Advances in lithographic approaches to fabricating bio-microarrays have been extensively explored over the last two decades. However, the need for pattern flexibility, a high density, a high resolution, affordability and on-demand fabrication is promoting the development of unconventional routes for microarray fabrication. This review highlights the development and uses of a new molecular lithography approach, called “microintaglio printing technology”, for large-scale bio-microarray fabrication using a microreactor array (µRA)-based chip consisting of uniformly-arranged, femtoliter-size µRA molds. In this method, a single-molecule-amplified DNA microarray pattern is self-assembled onto a µRA mold and subsequently converted into a messenger RNA or protein microarray pattern by simultaneously producing and transferring (immobilizing) a messenger RNA or a protein from a µRA mold to a glass surface. Microintaglio printing allows the self-assembly and patterning of in situ-synthesized biomolecules into high-density (kilo-giga-density), ordered arrays on a chip surface with µm-order precision. This holistic aim, which is difficult to achieve using conventional printing and microarray approaches, is expected to revolutionize and reshape proteomics. This review is not written comprehensively, but rather substantively, highlighting the versatility of microintaglio printing for developing a prerequisite platform for microarray technology for the postgenomic era.
Highlights
A microarray is typically defined as a collection of microscopic spots of biological solutions attached and arranged in a defined location on a solid surface that allows a massive number of parallel genotyping and/or phenotyping measurement
The growth was less rapid in the following decade, known as the postgenomic era, which revealed the limitations, pitfalls and redesign considerations that must be addressed for the microarray approach to meet expectations in the field of proteomics [2,3]
We have recently introduced and developed a basic technology termed “microintaglio printing” for next-generation, high-density microarray production [21,22]
Summary
A microarray is typically defined as a collection of microscopic spots of biological solutions attached and arranged in a defined location on a solid surface that allows a massive number of parallel genotyping and/or phenotyping measurement. The forthcoming issue in microarray technology is the inclusion of a key feature that can facilitate a link between individual DNA sequences (genetic information) and their protein products (functional information) for gene expression profiling and related applications To meet these requirements, we have recently introduced and developed a basic technology termed “microintaglio printing” (μIP) for next-generation, high-density microarray production [21,22]. We have recently introduced and developed a basic technology termed “microintaglio printing” (μIP) for next-generation, high-density microarray production [21,22] This method is a conceptually different low-cost and spotter-free arraying approach to the rapid prototyping of microscale patterns, where biological molecules are intaglio-printed on a substrate using a microfabricated printing mold. Genetic information in clone libraries can be integrated with their biological functional information and potential interaction partners (Figure 2)
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