Abstract
Objectives To synthesize and characterize a novel Al+3 complex with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (HL) to be added to a restorative glass ionomer cement (GIC) to enhance its antimicrobial activities and to evaluate the Vickers microhardness (HV) and fluoride release (FR) of the modified GIC. Materials and Methods Al+3 complex was synthesized by the addition of 1 mmol (0.210 g) of HL to 1 mmol (0.342 g) of aluminum sulfate in ethanol. The resulting solution was then refluxed under stirring for 24 h and then collected by filtration and dried in a vacuum desiccator over an anhydrous CaCl2. Characterization of Al+3 complex was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), molar conductance, 1H NMR spectra, and electron impact-mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of Al+3 complex-modified GIC (Al-GIC) was studied by the “cut plug method” against Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus mutants) and fungi (Candida albicans). HV was evaluated by a digital microhardness tester (Zwick/Roell, Indentec, ZHVμ-S, West Midlands, England). Fluoride levels in ppm were obtained using the ion-selective electrode connected to a digital meter. A one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used to analyze the data with the significance level established at p ≤ 0.05. Results Synthesis of Al+3 complex was confirmed by FTIR, elemental microanalysis TGA, molar conductance, 1H NMR spectra, and electron impact-mass spectrometry. Al-GICs exhibited an enhanced antibacterial activity against all studied microorganisms as confirmed by the growth of inhibition zones compared to control GIC (C-GIC). Though there was a slight reduction in HV and FR with increasing the added percent of Al+3 complex, no significant differences were found between the studied groups. Conclusions Addition of Al+3 complex to GIC powder enhanced the antimicrobial activity of GIC materials. As there was a negligible insignificant reduction in HV and FR upon the addition of Al+3 complex, Al-GICs can be used with a guaranteed degree of clinical success.
Highlights
Because of their relatively desirable characteristics, such as fluoride release, chemical bonding, low coefficient of thermal expansion, adequate esthetics, and biocompatibility with the pulp tissues, dental clinicians have been using glass ionomer cements (GICs) in their daily dental practice [1, 2]
Synthesis of Al+3 Complex. e complex was prepared by the addition of 1 mmol (0.210 g) of hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole (HL) to 1 mmol (0.342 g) of aluminum sulfate in ethanol. e resulting solution was refluxed under stirring for 24 h. e chemical complex, which was separated while being hot, was collected by filtration and dried in a vacuum desiccator over an anhydrous CaCl2
It does not dissolve in alcohol but dissolves in dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
Summary
Because of their relatively desirable characteristics, such as fluoride release, chemical bonding, low coefficient of thermal expansion, adequate esthetics, and biocompatibility with the pulp tissues, dental clinicians have been using glass ionomer cements (GICs) in their daily dental practice [1, 2]. As these restorative materials suffer from some shortcomings, mechanical properties, dental researchers have been modifying and developing new GICs for a reliable clinical use. Studies revealed an antibacterial activity of propolis-GIC against the cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and sobrinus [10]
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