Microgravity Effects on the Matrisome

Ludmila Buravkova,Anatoly Grigoriev,Irina Larina,Elena Andreeva

doi:10.3390/cells10092226

Ludmila Buravkova, Anatoly Grigoriev + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092226

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Journal: Cells	Publication Date: Aug 27, 2021
Citations: 12	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Problems

Abstract

Gravity is fundamental factor determining all processes of development and vital activity on Earth. During evolution, a complex mechanism of response to gravity alterations was formed in multicellular organisms. It includes the “gravisensors” in extracellular and intracellular spaces. Inside the cells, the cytoskeleton molecules are the principal gravity-sensitive structures, and outside the cells these are extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The cooperation between the intracellular and extracellular compartments is implemented through specialized protein structures, integrins. The gravity-sensitive complex is a kind of molecular hub that coordinates the functions of various tissues and organs in the gravitational environment. The functioning of this system is of particular importance under extremal conditions, such as spaceflight microgravity. This review covers the current understanding of ECM and associated molecules as the matrisome, the features of the above components in connective tissues, and the role of the latter in the cell and tissue responses to the gravity alterations. Special attention is paid to contemporary methodological approaches to the matrisome composition analysis under real space flights and ground-based simulation of its effects on Earth.

Highlights

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the understanding of basic principles of the cellular response to the alterations of gravitational stimulus due to the development of cellular and molecular biology approaches [1,2,3,4].According to the current mechanochemical hypothesis, integrins and other cell surface receptors play an important role in the physical interaction between extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeleton
The authors suggested that the cellular response to gravity deprivation had occurred mainly at the expense of reversible cytoskeleton alterations rather than differential gene expression
In the case of normal MCF-10A there were two adhered populations, while cancerous MCF-7 popupation was composed of floating clusters and adhered cells

Summary

Introduction

Significant progress has been made in the understanding of basic principles of the cellular response to the alterations of gravitational stimulus due to the development of cellular and molecular biology approaches [1,2,3,4]. Glycoproteins comprise approximately 200 matrisome “core” molecules [19] This is the largest group, whose components perform numerous functions, including ECM fibril assembly enhancement, involvement in adhesion, and growth factor binding [26]. Due to multi-domain structure, stable soluble fibronectin fibrils simultaneously bind cellular receptors, collagens, proteoglycans, and other focal adhesion molecules mediating the assembly of other ECM protein components [20,29]. One of the most important properties of ECM that determines its direct effect on cell functions is executed through the formation of stable links with specialized cell surface receptors. These primarily include integrins, a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that interact with ECM components. The proposed classification is a convenient tool that allows comprehensive assessment of ECM state under physiological or pathological conditions in various tissues

Matrisome of Connective Tissues

Ground-Based Simulations

D: ECM mineralization

Concluding Remarks and Further Directions