Abstract
Neuroinflammation regulated by microglia is one of the important factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activated microglia exhibited phenotypes termed as M1 and M2 phenotypes separately. M1 microglia contribute to the development of inflammation via upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, while M2 microglia exert anti-inflammation effects through enhancing the expression of anti-inflammation factors. Moreover, M1 and M2 microglia could be mutually transformed under various conditions. Both M1 and M2 microglia are implicated in AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are two major components of AD pathological hallmarks, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Both Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau were involved in microglial activation and subsequent inflammation, which further contribute to neuronal and synaptic loss in AD. In this review, we summarized the roles of M1 and M2 microglia in AD and underlying mechanisms, which will provide an insight into the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating microglia.
Highlights
As a devastating age-related brain disorder, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive deficits
Emerging evidence suggested that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia was an important feature of AD (Griciuc et al, 2019; Paouri and Georgopoulos, 2019)
We summarized the recent progress about the functions of M1 and M2 microglia in AD pathogenesis and discussed underlying mechanisms
Summary
As a devastating age-related brain disorder, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive deficits. Emerging evidence suggested that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia was an important feature of AD (Griciuc et al, 2019; Paouri and Georgopoulos, 2019). M1 and M2 microglia had different properties and functions. Microglia Polarization in Alzheimer’s Disease (Wang Y. et al, 2019), which were differentially involved in the pathogenesis of AD (Colton et al, 2006; Paouri and Georgopoulos, 2019). Advanced understanding of the roles of M1 and M2 microglia in AD will provide new clues about the pathological mechanisms and therapeutic targets for AD. We summarized the recent progress about the functions of M1 and M2 microglia in AD pathogenesis and discussed underlying mechanisms
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