Abstract
The vast majority of cells in the human body are capable of secreting exosomes. Exosomes have become an important vehicle for signaling between cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have some of the structural and functional properties of that cell and thus have different regulatory functions. A large number of recent experimental studies have shown that exosomes from different sources have different regulatory effects on stroke, and the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Microglia are core members of central intrinsic immune regulatory cells, which play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of stroke. M1 microglia cause neuroinflammation and induce neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neurogenesis, thus exerting a series of neuroprotective effects. It was found that there is a close link between exosomes and microglia polarization, and that exosome inclusions such as microRNAs play a regulatory role in the M1/M2 polarization of microglia. This research reviews the role of exosomes in the regulation of microglia polarization and reveals their potential value in stroke treatment.
Highlights
According to a report published by the World Health Organization in 2020, stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide
Ischemic stroke is the main type of stroke pathogenesis, mainly due to impaired blood supply to the brain, which occurs followed by a series of ischemia-reperfusion injuries, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, while persistent neuroinflammation damages neurons and the blood-brain barrier, which in turn leads to disease progression (Zhuang et al, 2017; Xu et al, 2018; Azedi et al, 2019)
In the Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) stimulated by medioresinol acts on the PPARα/Glutamate Oxalo (GOT1) axis to significantly reduce the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins and improve ischemic brain injury (Wang et al, 2021b)
Summary
According to a report published by the World Health Organization in 2020, stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Exosomes, which originate from the embryonic trophectoderm, can transmit their characteristic high resistance to viral infection to other cells (Delorme-Axford et al, 2013) Exosomes, with their PS-rich outer membrane, play an important role in the osteogenesis process, and osteoblasts secrete exosomes to initiate the process of mineralization in vivo (Anderson et al, 2005). Exosomes were found to transport miRNAs such as miR-124-3p, which can promote microglia polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, thereby inhibiting neuroinflammation (Huang et al, 2018). These suggest that exosomes may become important therapeutic targets in the stroke. The clinical transformation of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases deserves further research
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