Abstract
Microfluidics has been undergoing fast development in the past two decades due to its promising applications in biotechnology, medicine, and chemistry. Towards these applications, enhancing concentration sensitivity and detection resolution are indispensable to meet the detection limits because of the dilute sample concentrations, ultra-small sample volumes and short detection lengths in microfluidic devices. A variety of microfluidic techniques for concentrating analytes have been developed. This article presents an overview of analyte concentration techniques in microfluidics. We focus on discussing the physical mechanism of each concentration technique with its representative advancements and applications. Finally, the article is concluded by highlighting and discussing advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed techniques.
Highlights
Microfluidics is a set of technologies that are capable of accurately manipulating a small amount of fluids and analytes with their volume ranging from microliters to picoliters
Immunocapture Based Trapping (ICBT) is an efficient method of circulating tumor cell (CTC) isolation, on condition that cancer cells preconcentration of proteins and HIV subtypes in biological samples to facilitate subsequent a specific type of surface marker, and there is an antibody/aptamer which only binds with that detection [129,130]
Such system is new and only reported recently, and it can use multiple rods to perform with plastics are used to magnetically attract target cells conjugated with magnetic nanobeads, and later trapped cells are released under the effect of external magnetic field [154]
Summary
Microfluidics is a set of technologies that are capable of accurately manipulating a small amount of fluids and analytes with their volume ranging from microliters to picoliters. After many years’ development, it has numerous variations, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) etc These techniques have been successfully used in concentrating inorganic (largely heavy metal ions) and organic pollutants in large volumes of water sample. Concentration of analyte in ultra-small volume of sample (usually nanoliter), which is typically required in microfluidic applications, is still in the initial stage of development and facing various challenges. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a widely-used microfluidic separation technique in chemical, biological and medical analyses. Numerous techniques have been developed to concentrate analytes for subsequent detection and manipulations. The review is concluded by summarizing advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed techniques
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