Abstract
Mortality from liver disease conditions continues to be very high. As liver diseases manifest and progress silently, prompt measures after diagnosis are essential in the treatment of these conditions. Microfluidic organs-on-chip platforms have significant potential for the study of the pathophysiology of liver diseases in vitro. Different liver-on-a-chip microphysiological platforms have been reported to study cell-signaling pathways such as those activating stellate cells within liver diseases. Moreover, the drug efficacy for liver conditions might be evaluated on a cellular metabolic level. Here, we present a comprehensive review of microphysiological platforms used for modelling liver diseases. First, we briefly introduce the concept and importance of organs-on-a-chip in studying liver diseases in vitro, reflecting on existing reviews of healthy liver-on-a-chip platforms. Second, the techniques of cell cultures used in the microfluidic devices, including 2D, 3D, and spheroid cells, are explained. Next, the types of liver diseases (NAFLD, ALD, hepatitis infections, and drug injury) on-chip are explained for a further comprehensive overview of the design and methods of developing liver diseases in vitro. Finally, some challenges in design and existing solutions to them are reviewed
Highlights
Academic Editors: Violeta Carvalho, Today, the issue of liver disease is very common
In 2017, more than 1.5 billion people had some kind of liver condition, and more than half of them were affected by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [1]
Statistical data show that the number of deaths due to liver disease in Europe and Central Asia increased primarily due to increases in Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
Summary
Academic Editors: Violeta Carvalho, Today, the issue of liver disease is very common. Most of those models lack oxygen-induced differences in zonation mal cells, limited in control of uniformity in the generation of spheroids andmimicking organoids liver of hepatic sinusoids [7]. Van. Grunsven et al presented in vitro fibrosis models, including methods to generate 3D spheroids and microfluidics developed for drug toxicity studies, which can potentially be used for investigating fibrogenesis within the liver [26]. We present a comprehensive review of microfluidic organs-on-chip platforms used for studying the pathophysiology of different liver diseases from both medical and. The review is aimed at highlighting different perspectives on disease methods, and the outcomes of the studies It includes other important aspectsmodels, of organ-on-chip devices such as cell culture models, challenges related to the dedisease models, methods, and the outcomes of the studies.
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