Abstract
Oxygen (O2) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have made O2 sensing a crucial feature for organ-on-chip (OOC) devices for various biomedical applications. OOC O2 sensors can be categorized, based on their transducer type, into two main groups, optical and electrochemical. In this review, we provide an overview of on-chip O2 sensors integrated with the OOC devices and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Recent innovations in optical O2 sensors integrated with OOCs are discussed in four main categories: (i) basic luminescence-based sensors; (ii) microparticle-based sensors; (iii) nano-enabled sensors; and (iv) commercial probes and portable devices. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in electrochemical sensors in five main categories: (i) novel configurations in Clark-type sensors; (ii) novel materials (e.g., polymers, O2 scavenging and passivation materials); (iii) nano-enabled electrochemical sensors; (iv) novel designs and fabrication techniques; and (v) commercial and portable electrochemical readouts. Together, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advances in the design, fabrication and application of optical and electrochemical O2 sensors.
Highlights
Oxygen (O2) is one of the main components of cellular respiration and energy production [1]
The multi-analyte microphysiometer (MAMP), a modified Cytosensor Microphysiometer combined with additional amperometric glucose, lactate, and O2 sensors, enabled real-time measurement of changes caused by the metabolism of cells immobilized in a microfluidic chamber [115]
The optical methods are reported to be more sensitive, easier to operate and cheaper compared to the EC methods
Summary
Oxygen (O2) is one of the main components of cellular respiration and energy production [1]. In low O2 environments, ATP is generated at an inefficient but rapid rate via a process called anaerobic glycolysis, where glucose and glycogen are metabolized to pyruvate and lactate in the absence of O2 This pathway is important in the functions of vital organs such as the kidney and retina as well as in tumor formation [5]. With recent advances in microfluidics-based cell and tissue studies, such as OOC technologies, various sensors have been integrated into chips to monitor the microphysiological parameters of cells [12,18,19,20,21,22,23]. The present review delves into a critical examination of recent developments in O2 sensors integrated into OOCs devices and provides a comprehensive comparison of their advantages, limitations and required future improvements
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