Abstract
Ferritin is a clinically important biomarker which reflects the state of iron in the body and is directly involved with anemia. Current methods available for ferritin estimation are generally not portable or they do not provide a fast response. To combat these issues, an attempt was made for lab-on-a-chip-based electrochemical detection of ferritin, developed with an integrated electrochemically active screen-printed electrode (SPE), combining nanotechnology, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. The SPE surface was modified with amine-functionalized graphene oxide to facilitate the binding of ferritin antibodies on the electrode surface. The functionalized SPE was embedded in the microfluidic flow cell with a simple magnetic clamping mechanism to allow continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin. Ferritin detection was accomplished via cyclic voltammetry with a dynamic linear range from 7.81 to 500 ng·mL−1 and an LOD of 0.413 ng·mL−1. The sensor performance was verified with spiked human serum samples. Furthermore, the sensor was validated by comparing its response with the response of the conventional ELISA method. The current method of microfluidic flow cell-based electrochemical ferritin detection demonstrated promising sensitivity and selectivity. This confirmed the plausibility of using the reported technique in point-of-care testing applications at a much faster rate than conventional techniques.
Highlights
Anemia is a key healthcare challenge in India, especially for women, and is the top cause for maternal deaths in India (~50%) [1]
The amine-functionalized graphene oxide was characterized via spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron microcopy as laid out in the experimental section
The effect of scan rate on electrode response was studied for a bare screen-printed electrode (SPCE), as well as for SPCEs functionalized with NH2 -graphene oxide (GO)@SPCE and FerAb /NH2 -BDC and amine functionalized graphene oxide (NH2 -GO)@SPCE
Summary
Anemia is a key healthcare challenge in India, especially for women, and is the top cause for maternal deaths in India (~50%) [1]. The screen-printed electrodes provide a cost-effective platform for electrochemical measurements, as they are mass produced with minimum batch to batch variation, can be purchased in bulk, and can be read out with portable potentiostats, enabling point-of-care or even in-the-field application [23,24] Owing to these advantages, researchers have combined screen-printed electrodes with flow cells for the electrochemical detection of various analytes [25,26,27,28,29]. There is a need for a simple flow cell with integrated screen-printed electrodes for analysis of biomarkers such as ferritin, which allows ready exchange of electrodes and provide a controlled flow over the electrode surface to enable precise control of time for binding and washing steps. The study aims to design and fabricate a flow cell with an integrated commercially available electrode which is modified with amine-functionalized graphene oxide, onto which anti-ferritin antibodies were immobilized for the continuous flow-based detection of ferritin, which is a novelty
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