Microfluidic-assisted fabrication of reverse micelle/PLGA hybrid microspheres for sustained vascular endothelial growth factor delivery.

Abstract

In this study, poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) composite microspheres containing anhydrous reverse micelle (R.M.) dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) nanoparticles loaded vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were produced using microfluidic platforms. The VEGF-loaded R.M. nanoparticles (VRM) were achieved by initial self-assembly and subsequent lipid inversion of the DPPC vesicles. The fabricated VRMs were encapsulated into the PLGA matrix by flow-focusing geometry microfluidic platforms. The encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile, and the bioactivity of the produced composite microspheres were investigated. The release study showed that VEGF was slowly released from the PLGA composite microspheres over 28 days with a reduced initial burst (18 ± 4.17% in the first 24H). The VEGF stability during encapsulation and release period was also investigated, and the results indicated that encapsulated VEGF was well preserved. Also, the bioactivity assay of the PLGA composite microspheres on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was confirmed that the encapsulated VEGF was utterly active. The present monodisperse and controllable VEGF-loaded microspheres with reproducible manner could be widely used in tissue engineering and therapeutic applications.