Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Victoria Samanidou,Eirini Andreasidou,Orfeas-Evangelos Plastiras

doi:10.3390/molecules25246026

Victoria Samanidou, Eirini Andreasidou + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246026

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Abstract

In this review, the ever-increasing use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in microextraction techniques will be discussed, focusing on the reasons needed to replace conventional extraction techniques with greener approaches that follow the principles of green analytical chemistry. The properties of DES will be discussed, pinpointing their exceptional performance and analytical parameters, justifying their current extensive scientific interest. Finally, a variety of applications for commonly used microextraction techniques will be reported.

Highlights

Sample preparation is considered to be the bottleneck of the whole analytical process, because it covers a plethora of operations that are essential to modify the sample, to make it amenable for chromatographic analysis, or to improve the analytical parameters, such as precision and accuracy. [1,2]
The adverse environmental impact of analytical procedures has been reduced in three different ways: reduction of the volume of solvents required in sample preparation; reduction in the amount and the toxicity of solvents and reagents employed in the measurement step, especially with automation and miniaturization; and the development of different direct analytical techniques not requiring solvents or reagents [6]
The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in analytical microextraction techniques is on the rise, due to the many benefits they provide, such as lower cost and easier synthesis than ionic liquids (ILs) and an environmentally friendly profile, because of the low toxicity reported, they need further investigation

Summary

Introduction

Sample preparation is considered to be the bottleneck of the whole analytical process, because it covers a plethora of operations that are essential to modify the sample, to make it amenable for chromatographic analysis, or to improve the analytical parameters, such as precision and accuracy. [1,2]. The development and application of sustainable solvents has been a hot topic in different scientific and technological areas [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] In this regard, remarkable advances towards the replacement of volatile organic solvents have been achieved by a group of organic salts with melting points below 100 ◦ C, generally referred to as ionic liquids (ILs) [16]. DESs contain large, asymmetrical ions that have low lattice energy and, low melting points. They are often acquired by the complexation of a quaternary ammonium salt with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor (HBD). Our aim in this review will be towards the use of DESs in analytical extraction and microextraction techniques, while briefly presenting some frequently used DESs, their synthesis methods and their properties

Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Solvents

Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents

Solid Phase Microextraction

Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction

Liquid Phase Microextraction

Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction

Findings

Conclusions