Abstract
Citronella oil (CO) can be an effective mosquito repellent, but due to its nature which having high volatility, oils rapidly evaporates causing loss of efficacy and shorten the repellent effect. Therefore, microencapsulation technology was implemented to ensure the encapsulated material being protected from immediate contact with environment and offers controlled release. In this study, microencapsulation of CO was done by employing complex coacervation using chitosan-gelatin (B) system and utilized proanthocyanidins as the crosslinker. Remarkably, nearly all material involved in this study are from natural sources which are safe to human and environment. In designing operating process condition for CO encapsulation process, we found that wall ratio of 1:35 and pH 5 was the best operating condition based on zeta potential and turbidity analysis. FT-IR analysis found that gelatin-B had coated the CO droplet during emulsification stage, chitosan started to interact with gelatin-B to form a polyelectrolyte complex in adjust pH stage, CO capsules solidified at cooling process and were hardened during crosslinking process. Final product of CO capsules after settling process was identified at the top layer. Surface morphology of CO capsules obtained in this study were described having diameter varies from 81.63 µm to 156.74 µm with almost spherical in shape.
Highlights
Citronella oil (CO) is an essential oils extracted from aromatic grasses of Citronella grass
We found that zeta potential values for Chi acts as polycation within range of pH 4.0 to 5.6, whereas Gel-B acts as polyanion above its isoelectric point (IEP) around pH 4.9
FT-IR analysis found that Gel-B had coated the CO droplet during emulsification stage, with Chi started to interact with Gel-B to form polyelectrolyte complex in adjust pH stage, CO capsules solidified at cooling process and were hardened by GSE-OPC layer during crosslinking process
Summary
Citronella oil (CO) is an essential oils extracted from aromatic grasses of Citronella grass It is classified in trade into two types; Ceylon CO, obtained from Cymbopogon nardus (inferior type), while Java CO obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus (superior type). CO can be found in dozens of registered pesticide products such as sprays, lotions, candles, sunscreen, wristbands, and pet’s collars [4, 6] This makes essential oil (EO) from Cympobogon species such CO is popular in insect or mosquito repellent formulations. There was a study done by [8] which utilized CO in formulation of mosquito repellent waterbased paint It was suggested by [9] and [10] that CO demonstrates good efficacy against mosquitoes in concentrations ranging from 0.05% to 15% (w/v) alone or in combination with other natural or commercial insect repellent products. CO can be as effective as DEET in repels mosquito or insect, but due to its nature, oils rapidly evaporate causing loss of efficacy and leaving the user unprotected [12]
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