Abstract
BackgroundThis study aims to research two areas, one with a resistant and the other with a susceptible profile of An. gambiae to deltamethrin in the region of Plateau (southern Benin). In each area, eight localities were sought. Both areas were needed for the assessment of the impact of malaria vector resistance to pyrethroids on the effectiveness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). The susceptible area of An. gambiae to deltamethrin was used as a control.MethodsIn total, 119 localities in the region of Plateau were screened by sampling An. gambiae s.l larvae. Female mosquitoes resulting from these larvae were exposed to 0.05% deltamethrin following WHO standards. PCR was used to identify species and molecular forms of the dead and alive mosquitoes. Finally, we identified kdr mutations (1014 F and1014S) using the HOLA technique.ResultsFifty-six out of 119 prospected localities tested positive for Anopheles gambae s.l breeding sites. The results showed that An. gambiae was resistant to deltamethrin in 39 localities and susceptible in only 2 localities; resistance to deltamethrin was suspected in 15 localities. The HOLA technique confirmed the presence of kdr 1014 F mutation and the absence of kdr 1014S mutation. The kdr 1014 F mutation was found in both M and S molecular forms at relatively high frequencies therefore confirming the susceptibility tests.ConclusionWe were unable to identify the eight susceptible areas due to the overall resistance of An. gambiae to deltamethrin in the region of Plateau. To implement the study, we kept two areas, one with high resistance (R+++) and the other with low resistance (R+) of An. gambiae to deltamethrin.
Highlights
This study aims to research two areas, one with a resistant and the other with a susceptible profile of An. gambiae to deltamethrin in the region of Plateau
In late July 2011, a large scale distribution of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) had been conducted by Benin National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) with the support of the World Bank, the US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) and the World Health Organization (WHO)
This raises an important question within National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs): should we continue to promote LLINs? The question has been explored by N’Guessan et al [9] who demonstrated a decrease in the effectiveness of LLINs and lambdacyhalothrin Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) in an area of high resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Southern Benin
Summary
This study aims to research two areas, one with a resistant and the other with a susceptible profile of An. gambiae to deltamethrin in the region of Plateau (southern Benin). In late July 2011, a large scale distribution of LLINs had been conducted by Benin National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) with the support of the World Bank, the US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Insecticide resistance has become widely distributed in Western [2,3,4,5], Eastern [6], Central [7] and Southern Africa [8] This could be a serious obstacle to the effectiveness of LLINs. This could be a serious obstacle to the effectiveness of LLINs This raises an important question within National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs): should we continue to promote LLINs? It is difficult to predict what would happen at a community level
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