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Abstract
Gut microbiota are permanent residents of humans with the highest concentrations being found in human colon. Humans get the first contact with bacteria at delivery, and microbiota are subject of permanent change during the life. The individual microbiota pattern is highly variable and varying environmental conditions, e.g., diets, antigen exposure, infections, or medication, as well as genetics, age, or hygiene factors, strongly influence the bacterial community. A fine interaction between the host and microbiota determines the outcome of health or disease. The gut immune system is constantly challenged to distinguish between commensal non-invasive bacteria and potential pathogens. Goblet cells produce mucins that prevent most gut bacteria from penetrating through intestinal epithelial barrier, and Paneth cells are the main supplier of anti-microbial defensins. Gut epithelial and immune cells recognize bacteria via surface markers and they initiate an adequate immune answer. A dysbiosis is noticed in several diseases, but the crucial role in pathogenesis has to be proven. Prebiotics or probiotics are discussed as valuable tools to preserve or restore a healthy gut community.
Highlights
Bacteria are ubiquitously present in the environment, air, soil, water, and large amounts are resident on human skin and especially in the gastrointestinal tract
Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases often show a dysbiosis with an increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, it is unclear whether the dysbiosis is crucial for pathogenesis or rather adaptation to persistent inflammation in the gut [68,69,70,71]
Rheumatoid Arthritis is suggested that the activation of the host immune system by gut microorganisms is involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disorder
Summary
Bacteria are ubiquitously present in the environment, air, soil, water, and large amounts are resident on human skin and especially in the gastrointestinal tract. The form of bacteria is multifarious with coccid, rod-shaped, spirillum, or budding shapes. According to their use and tolerance against oxygen, they can be grouped into aerobic, anaerobic, or microaerophilic organisms. Optimal conditions allow for bacteria to multiply every 20 min, resulting in a high progeny in a short time and the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. For a long time the main focus has been directed at bacteria that are pathogenic for humans, e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholera, and many others. A high variability of microbiota is known between individuals and the microbial pattern is influenced by genetics, age, personal hygiene, infection, medication, and diet [1,2,3]
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