Microbiota facilitates the formation of the aminated metabolite of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate which trap deleterious reactive endogenous metabolites

Abstract

The in vivo mechanism of tea polyphenol-mediated prevention of many chronic diseases is still largely unknown. Studies have shown that accumulation of toxic reactive cellular metabolites, such as ammonia and reactive carbonyl species (RCS), is one of the causing factors to the development of many chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated the in vivo interaction between (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in tea leaves, and ammonia and RCS. We found that EGCG could be oxidized to EGCG quinone in mice, and then rapidly react with ammonia to generate the aminated EGCG metabolite, 4′-NH2-EGCG. Both EGCG and its aminated metabolite could further scavenge RCS, such as methylglyoxal (MGO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), to produce the RCS conjugates of EGCG and the aminated EGCG. Both the aminated and the RCS conjugated metabolites of EGCG were detected in human after drinking four cups of green tea per day. By comparing the levels of the aminated and the RCS conjugated metabolites in EGCG exposed germ-free (GF) mice and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice, we demonstrated that gut microbiota facilitate the formation of the aminated metabolite of EGCG, the RCS conjugates of EGCG, and the RCS conjugates of the aminated EGCG. By comparing the trapping capacities of EGCG and its aminated metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, we found that oxygen is not essential for the trapping of reactive species by EGCG and 4′-NH2-EGCG suggesting that EGCG and its aminated metabolite could scavenge RCS in the GI track and in the circulation system. Altogether, this study provides in vivo evidences that EGCG has the capacity to scavenge toxic reactive metabolic wastes. This finding opens a new window to understand the underlying mechanisms by which drinking tea could prevent the development of chronic diseases.