Microbiota-Dependent Effects of IL-22.

Morsal Sabihi,Marius Böttcher,Samuel Huber,Penelope Pelczar

doi:10.3390/cells9102205

Morsal Sabihi, Marius Böttcher + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9102205

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Abstract

Cytokines are important contributors to immune responses against microbial and environmental threats and are of particular importance at epithelial barriers. These interfaces are continuously exposed to external factors and thus require immune components to both protect the host from pathogen invasion and to regulate overt inflammation. Recently, substantial efforts have been devoted to understanding how cytokines act on certain cells at barrier sites, and why the dysregulation of immune responses may lead to pathogenesis. In particular, the cytokine IL-22 is involved in preserving an intact epithelium, maintaining a balanced microbiota and a functioning defense system against external threats. However, a tight regulation of IL-22 is generally needed, since uncontrolled IL-22 production can lead to the progression of autoimmunity and cancer. Our aim in this review is to summarize novel findings on IL-22 and its interactions with specific microbial stimuli, and subsequently, to understand their contributions to the function of IL-22 and the clinical outcome. We particularly focus on understanding the detrimental effects of dysregulated control of IL-22 in certain disease contexts.

Highlights

A highly diverse microbiome contributes to the development and maturation of a robust immune system, and is an important factor in maintaining homeostasis at barrier sites [1]
Constant interactions of the immune system with commensal bacteria mainly contribute to mucosal homeostasis at epithelial barriers
We have learnt that components of the microbiota can impact the production and action of IL-22 at epithelial barriers

Summary

Introduction

A highly diverse microbiome contributes to the development and maturation of a robust immune system, and is an important factor in maintaining homeostasis at barrier sites [1]. Many beneficial physiological functions arise due to the mutualistic relationship between the host and its microbiome. The host provides a nutrient rich space, whereas resident microbes catabolize and facilitate the acquisition of food molecules. Components derived from the commensal microbiota prevent the colonization and propagation of pathogenic microbes at these interfaces [2]. Constant food and microbial antigen exposures at epithelial barriers modulating immune components, have a critical role in the development of the host and progression of immune-related diseases [3]. The host microbiota is closely associated to the regulation of cytokine expression patterns

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