Abstract
Consistent interactions between the gut microbiome and adaptive immunity recently led several research groups to evaluate modifications of human gut microbiota composition during HIV infection. Herein we propose to review the shifts reported in infected individuals, as their correlation to disease progression. Though the gut microbiota is consistently altered in HIV individuals, the literature reveals several discrepancies, such as changes in microbial diversity associated with HIV status, taxa modified in infected subjects or influence of ART on gut flora restoration. Similarly, mechanisms involved in interactions between gut bacteria and immunity are to date poorly elucidated, emphasizing the importance of understanding how microbes can promote HIV replication. Further research is needed to propose adjuvant therapeutics dedicated to controlling disease progression through gut microbiome restoration.
Highlights
Humans harbour nearly 100 trillion intestinal bacteria that are essential for health
The presence of segmented filamentous bacteria within gut microbiota is associated with protection against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia [8]
We have mainly reviewed articles focusing on gut flora compositional disruptions observed in infected subjects, as possible mechanisms involved in disease progression
Summary
Humans harbour nearly 100 trillion intestinal bacteria that are essential for health. Lipoplysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment rendered germ-free mice resistant to pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection These results suggest that symbiotic gut colonization enables proper inflammatory response to harmful insults to the host [7]. The role of Gram-negative bacteria from gut microbiota in immune activation and chronic inflammation in HIV individuals is known since circulating LPS had been used as an indicator of microbial translocation [9]. In this context, the possible role of the intestinal microbiome in disease progression had led several teams to assess changes in gut microbial communities during HIV infection. We provide perspectives as first conclusions from recent therapeutic strategies dedicated to restoring the gut flora in HIV-subjects
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