Abstract
Eliminating prophylactic antibiotics in food animal production has exerted pressure on discovering antimicrobial alternatives (e.g. microbiome) to reduce elevated intestinal diseases. Intestinal tract is a complex ecosystem coupling host cells with microbiota. The microbiota and its metabolic activities and products are collectively called microbiome. Intestinal homeostasis is reached through dynamic and delicate crosstalk between host immunity and microbiome. However, this balance can be occasionally broken, which results in intestinal inflammatory diseases such as human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, chicken necrotic enteritis, and swine postweaning diarrhea. In this review, we introduce the intestinal immune system, intestinal microbiome, and microbiome modulation of inflammation against intestinal diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide updated knowledge on host-microbe interaction and to promote using microbiome as new antimicrobial strategies to reduce intestinal diseases.
Highlights
World Health Organization (WHO) defines antimicrobial resistance as “the ability of a microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working against it” (WHO, 2018a)
It is estimated that 558,000 new tuberculosis (TB) worldwide in 2017 were resistance to rifampicin, which is the most effective first-line antibiotics (WHO, 2018b)
It is necessary to further identify additional factors of the precise virulence factors in C. perfringens, specific host inflammatory responses, and defined members of microbiome in necrotic enteritis. Another food animal enteritis is swine postweaning diarrhea caused by infection and overgrowth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in small intestine (Kongsted et al, 2013) and disturbed microbiota(Dou et al, 2017)
Summary
World Health Organization (WHO) defines antimicrobial resistance as “the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials) from working against it” (WHO, 2018a). Urgency is mounting to reduce antimicrobial resistance from agriculture to healthcare because of the emergency of “superbug” bacteria resistant to antibiotics (e.g. colistin) in treating multidrugresistant (MDR) infections (CDC, 2018; McGann et al, 2016). A recent systematic review found that restricting the use of antibiotics reduces antibiotic-resistant bacteria by 10–15% in animal studies or by 24% in human studies (Tang et al, 2017). Antibiotics have limited effect on treating human inflammatory intestinal diseases, such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Refractory CDI patients who can’t be cured with antibiotics have been successfully treated with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) (Silverman et al, 2010). The aim of this review is to promote the use of microbiome as a new antimicrobial strategy to reduce intestinal diseases
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