Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) (formerly, early mortality syndrome) is a high-mortality-rate shrimp disease prevalent in shrimp farming areas. Although AHPND is known to be caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus hosting the plasmid-related PirABvp toxin gene, the effects of disturbances in microbiome have not yet been studied. We took 62 samples from a grow-out pond during an AHPND developing period from Days 23 to 37 after stocking white postlarvae shrimp and sequenced the 16S rRNA genes with Illumina sequencing technology. The microbiomes of pond seawater and shrimp stomachs underwent varied dynamic succession during the period. Despite copies of PirABvp, principal co-ordinates analysis revealed two distinctive stages of change in stomach microbiomes associated with AHPND. AHPND markedly changed the bacterial diversity in the stomachs; it decreased the Shannon index by 53.6% within approximately 7 days, shifted the microbiome with Vibrio and Candidatus Bacilloplasma as predominant populations, and altered the species-to-species connectivity and complexity of the interaction network. The AHPND-causing Vibrio species were predicted to develop a co-occurrence pattern with several resident and transit members within Candidatus Bacilloplasma and Cyanobacteria. This study’s insights into microbiome dynamics during AHPND infection can be valuable for minimising this disease in shrimp farming ponds.
Highlights
Daily receipt of intensive nutrients from feeding fodder and faecal matter produced by shrimp, the water microbiome usually evolves with the water quality over time[10]
What are the healthy and diseased stomach microbiomes in penaeid shrimp? How do stomach microbiomes change from healthy to diseased states? To what extent do water and stomach microbiomes interact with each other? What is the abundance and dynamic of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and what are its interactions with other bacterial populations in the stomachs of animals with Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)? Because development and maintenance of healthy intestinal microbiomes are critical in resisting pathogenic infections, the underlying microbial ecology of the farming pond must be investigated for developing strategies and products to control this disease
The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (2.0−5.9 mg/L) and nitrite (~3.0 mg/L) gradually increased, suggesting that eutrophication occurred in the pond seawater
Summary
Daily receipt of intensive nutrients from feeding fodder and faecal matter produced by shrimp, the water microbiome usually evolves with the water quality over time[10]. Vibrio bacteria comprising many opportunistic pathogen species are characterized as fast-growing aquatic microorganisms (r strategists)[12] Their growth usually benefits from the eutrophication of pond water and may lead to colonization of the digestive system, causing gastrointestinal diseases in sea animals[13]. Cost-effective and powerful high-throughput sequencing techniques have been developed to identify large-scale microbial phylotypes and to detect rare taxa in samples These techniques have been applied to study bacterioplankton during shrimp cultivation[15], bacterial community structures in the intestines of shrimp at different growth stages[16], effects of environmental factors on the microbial community in culturing tanks[17], effects of lipid sources on intestinal microbiota[18], the bacterial community associated with the intestinal tract of shrimp[19, 20], and effects of host phylogeny and habitats on the gut microbiome of shrimp[21].
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