Abstract
There are many risk factors associated with breast cancer (BC) such as the familial history of BC, using hormone replacement therapy, obesity, personal habits, and other clinical factors; however, not all BC cases are attributed to these risk factors. Recent researches show a correlation between patient microbiome and BC suggested as a new risk factor. The present review article aimed at evaluating the role of the microbiome as a risk factor in the occurrence of BC, investigating the proposed mechanisms of interaction between the microbiome and human genes involved in BC, and assessing the impact of the altered composition of breast, gut, and milk microbiome in the physiological status of normal breast as well as cancerous or non-cancerous breast lesions. The study also evaluated the growing evidence that these altered populations may hinder chemotherapeutic treatment. The role of microbiome in the development and maintenance of inflammation, estrogen metabolism, and epigenetic alterations was properly investigated. Finally, clinical and therapeutic applications of the microbiome- e.g., probiotics, microbiome genome modulation, and engineered microbiome enzymes in the management of BC were reviewed.
Highlights
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide
A greater understanding of the effects of microbial agents within breast cancer (BC) can expand the ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat it in the future. In this regard, studying viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic genomic sequences led to the discovery of two distinct microbial signatures in patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC) [29]
Reduction of bacterial load in a healthy individual may exacerbate the risk of BC. These findings demonstrated an unknown link between dysbiosis and BC, and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these discoveries should be investigated in further investigations
Summary
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. It includes Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2-enriched, and triple-negative subtypes based on the expression of estrogen, progesterone and Her receptors, and Ki67 protein [1]. It is not proved yet that dysbiosis can cause BC, the comparison of breast tissue samples show differences in the composition and abundance of some specific bacterial taxa between patients and healthy individuals [8]. A greater understanding of the effects of microbial agents within BC can expand the ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat it in the future In this regard, studying viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic genomic sequences led to the discovery of two distinct microbial signatures in patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC) [29]. The lower amount of S. yanoikuyae in tumor areas led to reducing one-third of TABLE 1 | Breast cancer microbiome from different studies
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