Abstract
The aim of the study was to neutralize zearalenone by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium sp. and investigate the mechanism of zearalenone (ZEA) binding. Neutralization of ZEA by LAB was confirmed by identification of binding kinetics and spectroscopic studies such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The obtained results showed that the kinetic process of zearalenone binding to L. lactis is not homogeneous but is expressed with an initial rapid stage with about 90% of ZEA biosorption and with a much slower second step. In case of Bifidobacterium sp., the neutralization process is homogeneous; the main stage can be described with about 88% of ZEA biosorption. MALDI–TOF-MS measurements and FTIR analysis confirmed the uptake of zearalenone molecules by bacterial species. Moreover, the assessment of dead and live lactic acid bacteria cells after zearalenone treatment was performed using fluorescence microscopy.Graphical abstractMicrobiology neutralization of zearalenone using Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium sp. was confirmed by identification of binding kinetics and spectroscopic studies such as FT-IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF-MS spectrometry. The mechanism of ZEA binding was also investigated.
Highlights
The Fusarium family is an important cereal pathogen worldwide because of its ability to produce toxic secondary metabolites [1]
The main mycotoxins found in agricultural products are aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol, and its derivatives, fumonisins, patulin, and ochratoxin A (OTA) [3]
Results of experiment indicated that both strains are highly effective; L. acidophilus caused a decrease about 95% of OTA and Bifidobacterium reduced the level of PAT by 80%
Summary
The Fusarium family is an important cereal pathogen worldwide because of its ability to produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) [1]. The main mycotoxins found in agricultural products are aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol, and its derivatives, fumonisins, patulin, and ochratoxin A (OTA) [3]. Zearalenone is produced by Fusarium fungi, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium semitectum [4]. This mycotoxin is present in corn, but it can be found in other important crops such as wheat, barley, sorghum, and rye throughout various countries of the world [5]. The biotransformation of ZEA in animals involves the formation of two major metabolites, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol (α-ZOL and β-ZOL); alpha zearalenol shows higher estrogenicity than ZEA, but β-ZOL is less estrogenic [7, 8].
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