Abstract
The pollution of arable lands and water with petroleum-derived products is still a valid problem, mainly due the extensive works aimed to improve their production technology to reduce fuel consumption and protect engines. An example of the upgraded fuels is the BP 98 unleaded petrol with Active technology. A pot experiment was carried out in which Eutric Cambisol soil was polluted with petrol to determine its effect on the microbiological and biochemical properties of this soil. Analyses were carried out to determine soil microbiome composition—with the incubation and metagenomic methods, the activity of seven enzymes, and cocksfoot effect on hydrocarbon degradation. The following indices were determined: colony development index (CD); ecophysiological diversity index (EP); index of cocksfoot effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IFG); index of petrol effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IFP); index of the resistance of microorganisms, enzymes, and cocksfoot to soil pollution with petrol (RS); Shannon–Weaver’s index of bacterial taxa diversity (H); and Shannon–Weaver’s index of hydrocarbon degradation (IDH). The soil pollution with petrol was found to increase population numbers of bacteria and fungi, and Protebacteria phylum abundance as well as to decrease the abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria phyla. The cultivation of cocksfoot on the petrol-polluted soil had an especially beneficial effect mainly on the bacteria belonging to the Ramlibacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Mycoplana, and Sphingobium genera. The least susceptible to the soil pollution with petrol and cocksfoot cultivation were the bacteria of the following genera: Kaistobacter, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Phenylobacterium, and Terracoccus. Cocksfoot proved effective in the phytoremediation of petrol-polluted soil, as it accelerated hydrocarbon degradation and increased the genetic diversity of bacteria. It additionally enhanced the activities of soil enzymes.
Highlights
The following four elements are the main determinants of human and animal health: soil fertility, water quality, air purity, and technologies employed in the agri-food processing [1,2,3]
The changes triggered by petrol in the structure of soil bacteria communities stem from the different resistance of individual species to its toxic effect [12,43,66,70] and from the diversified possibilities of utilizing its hydrocarbons as sources of carbon, hydrogen, and energy [71]
Regardless of the stress triggered by soil pollution with petrol, the stability of the diversity of bacterial communities was highly reliably described by the autochthonous microbiome being common for the non-polluted and petrol-polluted soils, represented by Kaistobacter, Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Phenylobacterium, and Terracoccus
Summary
The following four elements are the main determinants of human and animal health: soil fertility, water quality, air purity, and technologies employed in the agri-food processing [1,2,3] Each of these elements is crucial to the sustainable development of populations, with soil playing a significant role in this chain due to its quality being the main driver of the dietary value of agricultural crops produced [4,5]. The communities of rhizospheric microorganisms are involved in, i.e., soil structure formation [18] and organic matter degradation [31,32], as well as increase nutrient availability and plant productivity [33,34] Root secretions are both perfect substrates and signalling molecules for microorganisms, establishing complex interactions between roots, soil, and microorganisms [35,36,37]. The soil microorganisms are of key importance to plant health and to the biogeochemical cycles of biogenic elements [20,22,32,39,40]
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