Microbiological Assessment and Antimicrobials’ Use in an Infectious Diseases Department in Mali

Mikaila Kaboré,Dramane Sogoba,Meli Hermine,Yacouba Cissoko,Assetou Fofana,Mohamed Aly Cissé,Omar Magassouba,Aboubacar Alassane Oumar,Abdoulaye Zaré,Mariam Soumaré,Ibrehima Guindo,Bintou Coulibaly,Hama Hamidou Issa,Sounkalo Dao,Fodé Kouyaté,Issa Konaté

doi:10.4236/aim.2021.118029

Abstract

The use of antimicrobials without microbiological proof is frequent and contributes to the emergence of resistance. The aim was to identify the organisms isolated during laboratory examinations and the type of antimicrobials consumed by patients hospitalized to Infectious Diseases’ Clinic. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out from January 1 to December 31, 2017 in the Infectious Diseases Department of Point “G” Teaching Hospital in Mali. All biological specimens from patients during the study period were analyzed. In total, 322 patients benefited from microbiological test, with a mean age of 40.9 ± 12.2 years (range 15 and 74 years) with a sex ratio of 0.93. Only 5.6% of patients were HIV negative. In all participants, a total of 658 microbiological specimen were taken, 224 (34.0%) identified at least one pathogen including bacteria in more than a half of the cases (58.5%). On the report of bacteriological analysis, the most frequently identified organisms were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (42.2%) mainly in sputum; Escherichia coli (24.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.8%) commonly in urine and Gardnerella vaginalis (7.0%) exclusively in vaginal secretions. Candida albicans (5/8) and Cryptococcus neoformans (3/8) were the most common fungi while Plasmodium falciparum (96.4%) represented the parasite frequently found in blood. From a therapeutic standpoint, 1143 antimicrobials were prescribed to 322 admitted patients, i.e. 3.55 anti-infectives per patient. Antibiotics (excluding tuberculosis drugs), antiparasitics and antifungals represented respectively 46.2%; 18.8% and 15.1% of anti-infectives. Antibiotic therapy was effective in 274 (85.1%) patients and among them, only 76 (27.7%) cases were based on microbiological evidence. Antibiotics are the most widely used antimicrobials in an infectious disease department. Empiric treatments are common but must be minimized by the search for microbiological evidence.

Highlights

Infectious Diseases remain the main causes of human morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries
The aim was to identify the organisms isolated during laboratory examinations and the type of antimicrobials consumed by patients hospitalized to Infectious Diseases’ Clinic
Candida albicans (5/8) and Cryptococcus neoformans (3/8) were the most common fungi while Plasmodium falciparum (96.4%) represented the parasite frequently found in blood

Summary

Introduction

Infectious Diseases remain the main causes of human morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide concern [3] [4] [5]. It leads to a reduction in the molecular choice by prescribers, an increase in the length of patients’ hospitalization period, an increase in healthcare costs, exposure to more toxic drugs and mortality [6] [7] [8]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat and currently affects all regions of the world and is likely to affect anyone of any age or country [5]. There are 700,000 deaths due to drug resistance and if nothing is done by 2050, mortality could reach 10 million in the world [9]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion