Microbially reduced humic acid promotes the anaerobic photodegradation of 17α­-ethinylestradiol

Abstract

Photolysis and microbial activity are relatively obvious in shallow, eutrophic waters with low dissolved oxygen content. Ubiquitous humic acid (HA) can act as electron acceptor and be reduced by bacterial under such conditions, and the reduced form of humic acid (RHA) plays an important role in the photolysis contaminants. In this study, anaerobic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) photodegradation was performed along with biodegradation by Shewanella putrefaciens mediated by HA. The mechanism of such coupled photolysis and biodegradation of EE2 was thus elucidated. The removal rate in such coupled degradation in the presence of 10 mgC L−1 of HA at pH 8.0 was greater than that of either photolysis or biodegradation alone. HA which had been reduced in a double-chamber microbial fuel cell showed better promotion to EE2 photodegradation than fresh HA. Reactive species scavenging experiments indicated that hydroxyl radical and excited triplet states of HA were primary contributors to EE2 photodegradation in anaerobic conditions. More of them were produced from RHA than from pristine HA. Besides, the degraded EE2 solutions inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 human cancer Cells. These findings improve our understanding of the environmental transformation of EE2 in the shallow, anoxic waters.