Abstract
The microbiome is vital for the proper function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the maintenance of overall wellbeing. Gut ischemia may lead to disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, resulting in bacterial translocation. In this systematic review, according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, we constructed a search query using the PICOT (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) framework. Eligible studies reported in PubMed, up to April 2021 were selected, from which, 57 publications’ data were included. According to these, escape of intraluminal potentially harmful factors into the systemic circulation and their transmission to distant organs and tissues, in utero, at birth, or immediately after, can be caused by reduced blood oxygenation. Various factors are involved in this situation. The GIT is a target organ, with high sensitivity to ischemia–hypoxia, and even short periods of ischemia may cause significant local tissue damage. Fetal hypoxia and perinatal asphyxia reduce bowel motility, especially in preterm neonates. Despite the fact that microbiome arouse the interest of scientists in recent decades, the pathophysiologic patterns which mediate in perinatal hypoxia/asphyxia conditions and gut function have not yet been well understood.
Highlights
The human body hosts about 100 trillion microorganisms, called microbiota, which are involved in multiple functions, such as vitamin synthesis, bile salt metabolism, fiber, mucus and fatty acid catabolism, regulation of inflammation and homeostasis of the immune system [1]
The aim of this study is to systematically investigate whether asphyxia contributes to microbial translocation in neonates
In low-income countries, 23% of all neonatal deaths are attributed to perinatal asphyxia [17,18]
Summary
The human body hosts about 100 trillion microorganisms, called microbiota, which are involved in multiple functions, such as vitamin synthesis, bile salt metabolism, fiber, mucus and fatty acid catabolism, regulation of inflammation and homeostasis of the immune system [1]. They colonize the skin, the mammary glands, the saliva and oral mucosa, the conjunctiva, the airway, the urogenital system and the GIT. The genome of the microbiota is called the microbiome and it has special characteristics, such as its own weight, genetic and cellular content and its own metabolic activity [1,2] It begins to be established in utero by the maternal microbial flora. The microbiome in neonates varies in composition and diversity, taking the adult type at 3–5 years of age [2,3,4]
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