Abstract
The enzyme microbial transglutaminase is heavily used in the food processing industries to ameliorate food qualities and elongate the products' shelf life. As a protein's glue, it cross-links gliadin peptides, creating neo-complexes that are immunogenic and potentially pathogenic to celiac disease communities. Even lacking sequence identity, it imitates functionally the endogenous tissue transglutaminase, known to be the autoantigen of celiac disease and representing an undisputable key player in celiac disease initiation and progress. The present review expend on the enzyme characteristics, exogenous intestinal sources, its cross-linking avidity to gluten or gliadin, turning naïve protein to immunogenic ones. Several observation on microbial transglutaminase cross linked complexes immunogenicity in celiac patients are reviewed and its pathogenicity is summarized. Warnings on its potential risks for the gluten dependent conditions are highlighted. When substantiated, it might represent a new environmental factor of celiac disease genesis. It is hoped that the presented knowledge will encourage further research to explore the mechanism and the pathogenic pathways taken by the gliadin cross linked enzyme in driving celiac disease.
Highlights
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease, dependent on genetic background and on environmental factors
Influenza and HPV vaccines, Heavy metals, Aflatoxin, smoking, alcohol, Cesarean section and abdominal surgery, Western higher hygiene and higher socioeconomic level, stressful life and Westernization of the diet, microbiome dysbalance characterized by an abundance of Proteobacteria and a decrease in Lactobacillus were associated with CD development or increased incidence [6, 7]
After setting the introductory stage, the following part will expend on the microbial transglutaminase (mTg) cross linked gliadin complex immunogenicity and potential pathogenicity in CD
Summary
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease, dependent on genetic background and on environmental factors. The list of the environmental components that might impact CD initiation or development is continuously expanding, but the precipitating events causing CD remain enigmatic. Except for the prolamins, none of them reached cause and effect relationship. The introduction is divided to 4 sub-heading in order to set the stage for microbial transglutaminase (mTg)-CD cross-talks
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