Microbial transcript and metabolome analysis uncover discrepant metabolic pathways in autotrophic and mixotrophic anammox consortia

Abstract

The ability of anammox bacteria to utilize organic matter has drawn extensive attention. However, the metabolic discrepancies between autotrophic and mixotrophic anammox consortia need to be further explored. Here, microbial transcript and metabolomic analysis were conducted for the samples harvested in the reactors and batch assays to investigate the phenotype discrepancies and intrinsic causes in autotrophic and mixotrophic anammox consortia. Results showed that metabolically active community structures did not show significant difference between autotrophic and mixotrophic anammox consortia (C/N = 0.3). Changes in the metabolic state were the main cause for those discrepancies in virtue of the added acetate oxidized via the acetyl-CoA pathway by mixotrophic anammox bacteria. At C/N ratio of 0.3, anammox activity was obviously promoted compared to that in the autotrophic condition, due to higher levels of NADH and NAD+, as well as ATP consumption. Mixotrophic anammox consortia were found to yield more biomass, resulting from enhanced purine, pyrimidine, and putrescine synthetic pathways for regulating bacterial growth. Up-regulated amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways participating in regulating more extracellular polysaccharides secreted by mixotrophic anammox consortia. In adverse environment with higher COD concentration, more extracellular proteins were produced by anammox consortia to protect themselves and amino acids also accumulated in the cell. This study provides useful information to catch the optimal metabolism way of anammox consortia and accelerate anammox bacterial cultivation or reactor startup for wastewater treatment.