Abstract
Soil health is fundamental to sustainable agriculture, influencing plant growth, nutrient availability, and ecosystem stability. However, the overuse of chemical fertilizers, monoculture practices, and soil erosion have led to a significant decline in soil fertility, necessitating the exploration of alternative agricultural practices. In this context, biofertilizers—formulated with living microorganisms—have emerged as effective microbial solutions to enhance soil health. They work by promoting nutrient availability, stimulating plant growth, and improving soil structure. This review explores the various types of biofertilizers, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, and mycorrhizal fungi, detailing their mechanisms of action and specific applications in agriculture. Furthermore, the review highlights the numerous benefits of biofertilizers, including their role in reducing chemical fertilizer dependence, enhancing crop yields, and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. Despite their potential, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of biofertilizers, including limited awareness among farmers, quality control issues, and the need for effective application techniques. By addressing these challenges, biofertilizers can significantly contribute to environmentally friendly farming practices, underscoring their importance in achieving sustainable agricultural systems and promoting long-term soil health.
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