Microbial signatures of protected and impacted Northern Caribbean reefs: changes from Cuba to the Florida Keys.

Laura Weber,Amy Apprill,Patricia González-Díaz,Maickel Armenteros,Víctor M Ferrer,Fernando Bretos,Erich Bartels,Alyson E Santoro

doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14870

Abstract

SummaryThere are a few baseline reef‐systems available for understanding the microbiology of healthy coral reefs and their surrounding seawater. Here, we examined the seawater microbial ecology of 25 Northern Caribbean reefs varying in human impact and protection in Cuba and the Florida Keys, USA, by measuring nutrient concentrations, microbial abundances, and respiration rates as well as sequencing bacterial and archaeal amplicons and community functional genes. Overall, seawater microbial composition and biogeochemistry were influenced by reef location and hydrogeography. Seawater from the highly protected ‘crown jewel’ offshore reefs in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba had low concentrations of nutrients and organic carbon, abundant Prochlorococcus, and high microbial community alpha diversity. Seawater from the less protected system of Los Canarreos, Cuba had elevated microbial community beta‐diversity whereas waters from the most impacted nearshore reefs in the Florida Keys contained high organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and potential microbial functions characteristic of microbialized reefs. Each reef system had distinct microbial signatures and within this context, we propose that the protection and offshore nature of Jardines de la Reina may preserve the oligotrophic paradigm and the metabolic dependence of the community on primary production by picocyanobacteria.

Highlights

Caribbean coral reefs have undergone dramatic changes over the past 35 years
Each reef system had distinct microbial signatures and within this context, we propose that the protection and offshore nature of Jardines de la Reina may preserve the oligotrophic paradigm and the metabolic dependence of the community on primary production by picocyanobacteria
Global studies have shown that reefs harbour distinct microbial taxa and genomic adaptations compared to cells found in off-reef waters (Nelson et al, 2011; Kelly et al, 2014), suggesting that unique microbial processes occur on coral reefs

Summary

Introduction

Caribbean coral reefs have undergone dramatic changes over the past 35 years. The collective impacts of climate change, overfishing, and coastal development have caused shifts in functioning and energy transfer in coral reef ecosystems and these changes have been documented at the level of macro-organisms (Carpenter, 1988; Gardner et al, 2003; Miller et al, 2009; Valdivia et al, 2017). More macroalgae may lead to increases in the standing stock of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the water column, increases in the abundance, respiration, and virulence/pathogenicity of heterotrophic microbes, and a net drawdown of DOC (Haas et al, 2016) This mechanistic model is referred to as the DDAM (DOC, disease, algae, and microbes) model and has been suggested as one of the invisible causes for the global degradation of coral reefs (Barott and Rohwer, 2012; Haas et al, 2016). Despite the attention dedicated to understanding the microbiology of declining coral reef ecosystems, there are still numerous unknowns surrounding the microbiology supporting healthier coral reefs, especially within the Caribbean, which harbour distinct and less diverse coral communities compared to Indo-Pacific reefs

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