Abstract
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are proteinaceous storage granules ranging from 100 nm to 500 nm. Bacillus sp. serve as unique bioplastic sources of short-chain length and medium-chain length PHA showcasing properties such as biodegradability, thermostability, and appreciable mechanical strength. The PHA can be enhanced by adding functional groups to make it a more industrially useful biomaterial. PHA blends with hydroxyapatite to form nanocomposites with desirable features of compressibility. The reinforced matrices result in nanocomposites that possess significantly improved mechanical and thermal properties both in solid and melt states along with enhanced gas barrier properties compared to conventional filler composites. These superior qualities extend the polymeric composites’ applications to aggressive environments where the neat polymers are likely to fail. This nanocomposite can be used in different industries as nanofillers, drug carriers for packaging essential hormones and microcapsules, etc. For fabricating a bone scaffold, electrospun nanofibrils made from biocomposite of hydroxyapatite and polyhydroxy butyrate, a form of PHA, can be incorporated with the targeted tissue. The other methods for making a polymer scaffold, includes gas foaming, lyophilization, sol–gel, and solvent casting method. In this review, PHA as a sustainable eco-friendly NextGen biomaterial from bacterial sources especially Bacillus cereus, and its application for fabricating bone scaffold using different strategies for bone regeneration have been discussed.
Highlights
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are microbial polymers present intracellularly and highly regarded as a NextGen biopolymer
Synthases [4], and a gene cluster involving phaC, phaM, phaZ, etc. The research on this biopolymer has focused on the isolation of PHA proteinaceous granules accumulating in microbial bodies and optimizing culture conditions contributing to increment in yield and biomass production, which helps to identify the potential source of PHA [5,6]
Nanocellulose is a class of carbon nanomaterials gold nanoparticles and an enzyme containing PHA/AuNPs/HRP/ITO was prepared with with further two classes based on their morphology—cellulose (CNFs)ofand cellulose high sensitivity and selective electrochemical properties nanofibrils for the detection artemisinin nanocrystals (CNCs)
Summary
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are microbial polymers present intracellularly and highly regarded as a NextGen biopolymer. Biogenesis of PHA is aided by a close-knit network of enzymes such as acetyl-CoA-acetyltransferases, acetoacetyl-CoA-reductases, PHA synthases [4], and a gene cluster involving phaC, phaM, phaZ, etc The research on this biopolymer has focused on the isolation of PHA proteinaceous granules accumulating in microbial bodies and optimizing culture conditions contributing to increment in yield and biomass production, which helps to identify the potential source of PHA [5,6]. It can be concluded that the microbial origin with novel properties of the PHA granule production, was present univocally in all the mentioned Bacillus species and they all showcased the efficacy for PHA biopolymer production It gave a ray of hope that with culture optimization or using genetic recombination of PhaC gene from these closely associated B. cereus species, high yielding new variants could be used for increasing the yield of PHA. Bor‐joining method based on PhaC gene found in different Bacillus species sequenced on Uniprot database
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