Abstract
This paper presents the results of the statistical analysis of microbiological, physical and chemical parameters related to the quality of the water used in rice fields in Southern Brazil. Data were collected during three consecutive crop years, within structure of a comprehensive monitoring program. The indicators used were: potential hydrogen, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, total and fecal coliforms. Principal Component and Discriminant Analysis showed consistent differences between the water irrigation and drainage, as the temporal variation demonstrated a clear reduction in the concentration of most of the variables analyzed. The pattern of this reduction is not the same in the two regions - that is, the importance of each of the different variables in the observed differentiation is modified in two locations. These results suggested that the variations in the water quality utilized for rice irrigation was influenced by certain specific aspects of each rice region in South Brazilian - such as anthropic action or soil/climate conditions in each hydrographic basin.
Highlights
Water used for irrigation is a source of concern that has generated a great number of studies in developed countries, especially on water use in urban and semiurban areas
To obtain the data for the analyses we selected two areas located in Southern Brazil (Fig. 1), as follows: In the district of Camaquã – Rio Grande do Sul, located in the rice-growing region of the Inner Coastal Plain, the samples for evaluation of the water utilized in the local rice field were obtained from the Barragem do Arroio Duro (30°51’04”S and 51°48’44”W) – RS, a dam supplied with water from the Camaquã River which is the main source of irrigation water for an area of 19.600 ha; Figure 1 - Map of the water quality in the monitoring rice culture areas in South Brazil
The average values obtained for the irrigation water and for the drainage water in each phenological phase of the plants for the three crop years, Inner Coastal Plain and Outer Coastal Plain, for all the variables
Summary
Water used for irrigation is a source of concern that has generated a great number of studies in developed countries, especially on water use in urban and semiurban areas. Deficient water treatment systems increase the possibility of chemical and biological contamination both of drinking and irrigation water. The pollution of freshwater systems alters the quality of the water, or in other words, changes the characteristics that make the water suitable for. Polluted waters cannot support balanced ecosystems – in other words, systems and the environment interact in a manner positive for both. The importance of water for the productivity of rice cultivation, various problems arise from irrigation especially the possibility of microbiological contamination due to the use of urban waters (Ensink 2004, Rhee et al 2010), and the contamination of water resources by chemical substances used for fertilization of the soil and/or pest control (Macedo and Menezes 2004)
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