Abstract
The organic matter of living plants is the precursor material of the organic matter stored in terrestrial soil ecosystems. Although a great deal of knowledge exists on the carbon turnover processes of plant material, some of the processes of soil organic matter (SOM) formation, in particular from microbial necromass, are still not fully understood. Recent research showed that a larger part of the original plant matter is converted into microbial biomass, while the remaining part in the soil is modified by extracellular enzymes of microbes. At the end of its life, microbial biomass contributes to the microbial molecular imprint of SOM as necromass with specific properties. Next to appropriate environmental conditions, heterotrophic microorganisms require energy-containing substrates with C, H, O, N, S, P, and many other elements for growth, which are provided by the plant material and the nutrients contained in SOM. As easily degradable substrates are often scarce resources in soil, we can hypothesize that microbes optimize their carbon and energy use. Presumably, microorganisms are able to mobilize biomass building blocks (mono and oligomers of fatty acids, amino acids, amino sugars, nucleotides) with the appropriate stoichiometry from microbial necromass in SOM. This is in contrast to mobilizing only nutrients and consuming energy for new synthesis from primary metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle after complete degradation of the substrates. Microbial necromass is thus an important resource in SOM, and microbial mining of building blocks could be a life strategy contributing to priming effects and providing the resources for new microbial growth cycles. Due to the energy needs of microorganisms, we can conclude that the formation of SOM through microbial biomass depends on energy flux. However, specific details and the variability of microbial growth, carbon use and decay cycles in the soil are not yet fully understood and linked to other fields of soil science. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on microbial energy gain, carbon use, growth, decay, and necromass formation for relevant soil processes, e. g. the microbial carbon pump, C storage, and stabilization. We highlight the factors controlling microbial necromass contribution to SOM and the implications for soil carbon use efficiency (CUE) and we identify research needs for process-based SOM turnover modelling and for understanding the variability of these processes in various soil types under different climates.
Highlights
A large amount of organic C in terrestrial ecosystems is stored in soil organic matter (SOM), and was estimated as 1,500–2,500 Pg C with significant losses within the last 200 years, for review see (Scharlemann et al, 2014) and the references therein
A comparison of the total Gibbs energy released from an oxidation reaction with the potential energy available for microbial growth provides an estimate of the actual energy retention within microbial biomass and later necromass in a soil in relation to the release as heat and may provide a sound basis for further research approaches for improving SOM contents
It is based on the following interwoven factors: microbial growth and decay cycle, post mortem modifications of the biomolecules combined with matrix and mineral associated stabilization of these compounds as well as increasing molecular complexity (Figure 4)
Summary
A large amount of organic C in terrestrial ecosystems is stored in soil organic matter (SOM), and was estimated as 1,500–2,500 Pg C with significant losses within the last 200 years, for review see (Scharlemann et al, 2014) and the references therein. The concept of microbial biomass formation combined with mineral matrix stabilization (Cotrufo et al, 2013) has been conceptualized to a soil “microbial C pump,” MCP (as an analogy to the marine “carbon pump” (Jiao et al, 2010)) in which microbes degrade plant-derived C to produce own biomass, which is stabilized later as necromass by various processes of mineral interaction and in soil aggregates (Liang et al, 2017; Liang et al, 2020) In terrestrial systems, this “pump” transforms microbesynthesized compounds into SOM where they are stabilized in a kind of “entombing” effect (Liang et al, 2017); detailed understanding of these processes is still a scientific challenge (Liang, 2020; Zhu et al, 2020). SOM turnover research, including suggestions for the improvement of SOM contents
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