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Abstract
Soil as a natural resource and a powerful regulator of matter flow, plays crucial role in providing habitat for proper structuring and functioning soil microbial communities. Under the influence of unregulated industrial activities with social-economic co-development, soil and water involved a whole range of changes leading to soil erosion-degradation and pollution of aquatic ecosystems. One of the most promising techniques for determining the total effect of exposure to heavy metals on environmental media is bio-indication (bio-testing), which is based on rapid, robust and cost-effective methods. Acquaintance, with the microbial background of soil is essential to assess the degree of soil pollution with heavy metals. In this study, an eco-toxicological assessment using microbial community characteristics on heavy metals in soil samples from the urban ecosystems of the Kazakhstan part of the Caspian Sea (Atyrau and Mangystau regions) has been discussed. According to the results of the soil toxicity, it has been established that the soil of these residential areas are exposed to increased levels of heavy metals, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, etc. Comparative analysis of bio-indicative systems and chemical techniques for assessing the quality of soils indicated a remarkable similarity of the results and the priority (high speed, cheapness) of the microbiological load assessment of the soil quality.
Highlights
A high level of anthropogenic disturbances on terrestrial environments are especially meaningful in urbanized areas
Soil samples from the monitoring settlements of Atyrau and Mangystau regions demonstrate Pb and Cd content within the normal range; exceeded MAC (Maximum Permissible Concentration) values for lead is observed in soil samples from the Aktau city
The use of indigenous microbial communities in assessing the quality of soils, tracking their vital activity is a promising method. Application this system for biomonitoring of pollution in soil is based on the possibility of assessing their response to the influence of heavy metals in natural and technologically altered conditions by changing the quantitative indices of their vital activity in dynamics
Summary
A high level of anthropogenic disturbances on terrestrial environments are especially meaningful in urbanized areas. In settlements and rural districts, soil and water differ significantly from those of natural ecosystems. Anthropogenic pollution of natural environment dictates the need to develop new reliable, short-term and reproducible methods for assessing the toxicity of soils and water, which are the most important components of the environment. The mining and processing industry is well developed in Kazakhstan and the growth rate is expected to be higher in the last few decades. Billion tons of waste have been dumped into the water and soil over many years, creating a toxic time bomb. The bulk of this waste is the result of different industrial production, including ferrous metallurgy, petrochemicals and construction materials. Despite the fact that the government agencies are confronting this problem by developing programs aimed to correct and prevent pollution, the environmental issues in Kazakhstan leaves much to be desired [1]
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