Abstract
Microorganisms inhabit nearly all environments on Earth, adapting sometimes to a single stressful condition and at other times to coincident stresses. When faced with a single stress, thermophilic and psychrophilic Bacteria and Archaea typically express a fraction of their entire proteome constitutively. In other cases where multiple stresses abound, such as for the opportunistic environmental pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and for some halophilic archaea (haloarchaea), the microorganisms prove to be extremely versatile, turning on many different sets of genes that permit them to survive a range of different stressors. For example, the haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 can grow within a salt crystal but also adapts to low-salt environments (see cover photo).
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