Microbial genetic diversity and ciliate community structure along an environmental gradient in coastal soil

Abstract

We investigated the microbial genetic diversity and ciliate community in coastal soil from five sites with an environmental gradient using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), gene sequencing and the Ludox–QPS method. The analyses of both the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and 18S rRNA gene DGGE resulted in equal or even a higher number of bands found in the samples taken from the high-salinity sites IV and V than in those taken from the low-to-moderate-salinity sites I–III. Cluster analysis of both DGGE profiles classified the five sites into three main groups (sites I, II and III and IV and V), which corresponded well to the analysis of environmental factors. There were 13 species observed at site I, three species at site II and nine species at site III, while no active ciliates were observed at the high-salinity sites IV and V. By contrast, the ciliate-specific DGGE revealed a higher number of bands in the samples taken from the high-salinity soil. Furthermore, gene sequencing suggested that the ciliates in the high-salinity soil comprised forms originating not only from soil but also from marine environments. The data indicate that saline soil may maintain a high diversity of ciliates and soil salinity might be the most influential factor regulating the community structure of ciliates.