Abstract
The need for water security pushes for the development of sensing technologies that allow online and real-time assessments and are capable of autonomous and stable long-term operation in the field. In this context, Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) based biosensors have shown great potential due to cost-effectiveness, simplicity of operation, robustness and the possibility of self-powered applications. This review focuses on the progress of the technology in real scenarios and in-field applications and discusses the technological bottlenecks that must be overcome for its success. An overview of the most relevant findings and challenges of MFC sensors for practical implementation is provided. First, performance indicators for in-field applications, which may diverge from lab-based only studies, are defined. Progress on MFC designs for off-grid monitoring of water quality is then presented with a focus on solutions that enhance robustness and long-term stability. Finally, calibration methods and detection algorithms for applications in real scenarios are discussed.
Highlights
Population growth, rapid urbanisation and intensi ed agricultural and industrial activity are increasing water pollution worldwide.[1]
This review focuses on the progress of the technology in real scenarios and in-field applications and discusses the technological bottlenecks that must be overcome for its success
Direct eld tests involve in situ determination of key indicators of water quality, such as pH, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO).[5]
Summary
Population growth, rapid urbanisation and intensi ed agricultural and industrial activity are increasing water pollution worldwide.[1]. Like nitrates and phosphates, emerging contaminants or mining products are usually determined using ex situ lab-based analytical methods, i.e. gas/liquid chromatography or mass spectroscopy.[7,8] While accurate and sensitive, those methods are offline, expensive, time consuming and require specialised equipment and highly trained technicians. They cannot inform on the bioavailability risk of pollutants.[9]. MFC biosensors could provide great resilience and long-term stability,[13] are cost-effective and compatible with self-powered/autonomous operation.[14]
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