Abstract
Nowadays, the world is experiencing an energy crisis due to extensive globalization and industrialization. Most of the sources of renewable energy are getting depleted, and thus, there is an urge to locate alternative routes to produce energy efficiently. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a favorable technology that utilizes electroactive microorganisms acting as a biocatalyst at the anode compartment converting organic matter present in sewage water for bioelectricity production and simultaneously treating wastewater. However, there are certain limitations with a typical stand-alone MFC for efficient energy recovery and its practical implementation, including low power output and high cost associated with treatment. There are various modifications carried out on MFC for eliminating the limitations of a stand-alone MFC. Examples of such modification include integration of microbial fuel cell with capacitive deionization technology, forward osmosis technology, anaerobic digester, and constructed wetland technology. This review describes various integrated MFC systems along with their potential application on an industrial scale for wastewater treatment, biofuel generation, and energy production. As a result, such integration of MFCs with existing systems is urgently needed to address the cost, fouling, durability, and sustainability-related issues of MFCs while also improving the grade of treatment received by effluent.
Highlights
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) can be operated based on the oxidation of biodegradable waste at an anode and oxygen reduction at a cathode [1,2]
One commercially available technology used for the treatment of wastewater is the tem was devised for the degradation of Congo red, where the integration of the MFC a membrane bioreactors (MBRs), which can be combined with the MFC to reduce the cost a catalytic reactor wasofused
The external arrangement of the Osmotic MFCs (OsMFCs) was used for the conversion of the organic constituents in the influentpolluted water to alcohol and short-chain fatty acids, which were restricted by the forward osmosis membrane [30]
Summary
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) can be operated based on the oxidation of biodegradable waste at an anode and oxygen reduction at a cathode [1,2]. An MFCintegrated MBR is used to reduce the cost of energy produced in the process, whereas integration of an MFC with an FO membrane aids in the cost-effective treatment of salty water on an industrial scale with simultaneous production of energy Would such MFC-integrated systems lower overall costs, but they would increase the combined system’s sewage treatment efficacy and sustainability. Micropollutants and new pollutants, such as dyes, which are often not absorbed or decomposed by traditional procedures, can be effectively removed by combining MFCs with other technologies As a result, such integration of BESs with existing technologies is vitally needed to address the cost-related issues of BESs while improving the degree of treatment received by sewage. These included anaerobic digesters (AD), capacitive deionization (CDI), forward osmosis (FO), and membrane bioreactors (MBRs)
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